Type 4 secretion system in Clostridioides difficile: Structural features and its role as a pathogenicity factor

Clostridioides difficile is a gram-positive microorganism causing damage to the human intestinal wall, clinically manifesting as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. C. infection remains serious problem; increasing frequency of nosocomial outbreaks emergence community-acquired forms heighten need for new prevention treatment methods. The pathogenesis associated with toxins produced by bacteria large group proteins promoting replication pathogen in host tissues its spread population. Recent studies show that mobile genetic elements play key role high virulence difficile. Type 4 secretion systems (T4SS) are significant components these elements; their impressive diversity among microorganisms general difficile, particular, implies evolutionary and, consequently, medical significance. Further T4SS composition structure will provide deeper insight into mechanisms underlying development respective infections help outline pathogenically grounded approaches diseases caused On other hand, machinery can be used bioinformatic analysis searching adaptive clusters genome highly virulent strains.